Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears reconstruction
Symptoms
An acute ACL injury typically causes immediate pain around the knee, and a popping sound may be heard, as though something has torn inside. Swelling usually follows shortly after. In some cases, pain and swelling may develop later. You may find it difficult to stand or walk. 

If left untreated, an ACL tear can result in knee instability during twisting movements or sudden stops. Episodes of pain and swelling may recur following such instability. 

Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask questions about the injury and examine your knee. Investigations may include X-rays or an MRI scan. In some cases, arthroscopy may be required to confirm the diagnosis. 

Treatment
Options include non-operative and operative approaches. Surgery is generally recommended for young, active individuals. The two most common grafts used are the patellar tendon and hamstring tendon. The torn ACL is replaced with a new ligament. 

For patients who are less active or willing to modify their activities to avoid instability, non-operative treatment may be suitable. 

Types of surgery

• Bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft
• Hamstring autograft
   

Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation is essential for recovery, whether treatment is operative or non-operative. It includes muscle strengthening, stretching and proprioception training. Your physiotherapist will provide a tailored programme, which may last several months. 

Related prosthetic and orthotic services
An adjustable rehabilitation knee brace will be provided to support early exercise. This allows you to resume daily activities while keeping the knee within a safe range of motion. A functional knee brace may also be designed for sports after recovery to help prevent re-injury.